SYMPTOM, SIGNS, SYNDROMES GLOSSARY


THIS IS A MULTI-ROLE ACTIVITY WHERE THE FOLLOWING ACTIVITIES ARE ENABLED :

1. SYMPTOM DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS

2. SIGNS DETAILED EXPLANATIONS

3. SYNDROME COLLECTION

4. MISCELLANEOUS ACTIVITIES

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H

Hair cycle

The cycle of hair growth is – anagen or growing stage (2-5 yrs), involuting stage or catagen (few days), resting stage or telogen (several months).


HAIR FALL - Common Patterns Adults

1)      Male pattern baldness – receding hairline, thining in the crown and later disappearance of hair, finally horseshoe ring of hair in the head, onset by 30 yrs and fully developed pattern by 60 yrs,

2)      Female pattern baldness – thining of hair all over the scalp, intact hairline, onset premenopausal and fully developed postmenopausally,

3)      Excessive shampooing or blow-drying, wearing pigtails, cornrows, tight hair rollers, traction alopecia,

4)      Emotional and physical stress,

5)      Any severe illness, childbirth – usually 3-4 months after the event,

6)      Telogen Effluvium – (N) metabolic (SLE, lymphoproliferative diseases, chronic liver/renal diseases, hypothyroidism, heavy metal poisoning, drugs like beta blockers, anticoagulants, retinoids, carbamazepine, propylthiouracil, immunizations, IDA) or physiologic stress (febrile illness, major injury, dieting, pregnancy, delivery), 1-6 months later symptoms develop, increase hair fall, decreased hair density, thin and lusterless hair, new short hairs more than the usual number, gentle hair pull give about 4/pull, forced hair pull 10-20/pull (more than 20% of hairs are telogen hairs – those hairs with a white bulb and lack of gelatinous hair sheath), hair loss confined to the scalp, no scarring, no other scalp pathology, no scalp inflammation, Mx – If there is a clear history of precipitating stress then no lab works, but if not then do tests to exclude those diseases shown in ht e metabolic stress group, usually spontaneous remission,

7)      Alopecia areata

8)      Anagen arrest -  (N ) – radiation exposure, chemotherapeutic agents,

9)      Tinea capitis

10)    Drug-induced – anticoagulants, gout medications, cancer chemo, vitamin A, antidepressants


HAIR FALL - Red Flags Adults

1)      Hair fall in teens or twenties

2)      Hair fall with acne, facial hair and menstrual irregularity

3)      Male pattern baldness in a female

4)      Bald spots appearing in eyebrows, beard

5)      Weight gain, muscle weakness, cold intolerance, fatigue 


HAIR FALL - References

(Hughes 2006)


HALITOSIS - Common Patterns Adult

1)      Dietary – foods causing unusual smells like garlic, onion,

2)      Smoker’s breath

3)      Poor oral hygiene

4)      Persistent mouth breathing

5)      Tonsillitis – tonsillar crypts may contain food particles

6)      Acute ulcerative gingivitis

7)      Chronic periodontitis

8)      Infected tooth socket

9)      Pericoronitis

10)    Sinusitis chronic

11)    Bronchiectasis

12)    Lung abscess

13)    Pharyngeal pouch

14)    Esophageal diverticula

15)    Rumination syndrome

 


HALOS - Common Patterns

1)      Nearsightedness - myopia

2)      Astigmatism – refractive error

3)      Cataract – double or distorted vision, seeing glare or haloes around lights, blurred vision, color vision distorted, recent onset worsening of vision, disturbing brightness

4)      Acute angle closure glaucoma

5)      Corneal edema


Hamstring popliteal angle

This is assessed as follows.  Lie the patient supine and flex the hip to 90*.  Slowly extend the leg until the tightness of the hamstrings is felt.  Now draw an imaginary line through the tibial shaft and another line perpendicular to the femoral shaft.  The angle between these 2 lines is called hamstring popliteal angle


HAND PAIN - Common Patterns

1)      Carpal tunnel syndrome

2)      De Quervain’s disease

3)      Acute/chronic paronychia

4)      Candidal intertrigo

5)      Myofascial pain syndrome - palm and finger pain in dorsal interossei MFPS, thumb pain in adductor and opponens pollicis MFPS, dorsum of hand pain spreading from anterior shoulder to the posterior aspect of arm upto the dorsum of hand in coracobrachialis MFPS, dorsum of hand pain spreading to forearm in extensor carpi ulnaris MFPS, medial 3 fingers pain apreading to the palm in flexor digitorum superficialis and profundus MFPS, thumb pain palmar in flexor pollicis longus MFPS, hand pain starting from the shoulder and wpreading down the arm in nfrapsinatus MFPS, palmar pain spreading up the anterior forearm in palmaris longus MFPS, medial hand palmar aspect pain starting from the shoulder and spreading to anterior chest wall and spreading down the inner arm and forearm in pec minor MFPS, medial hand palmar aspect pain starting from posterior chest wall and lateral chest wall spreading down the inner arm, inner forearm, medial hand and 2 medial fingers in serratus anterior MFPS, medial fingers pain starting from posterior chest wall and lateral chest wall spreading down the inner arm and forearm, hand to the medial 2 fingers in serratus anterior MFPS, lateral palm, medial 3 fingers starting from anterior chest wall pain in infraclavicular area spreading down anterior arm and lateral forarm in subclavius MFPS, firt web space dorsumof hand in supinator MFPS.  See notes under myofascial pain syndrome for diagnostic criteria and therapy.

6)     Superficial and deep palmar infections


HAND PAIN - Red Flags

1)      Pain following a fall on an outstretched arm (fractures around the wrist)

2)      Acute onset carpal tunnel syndrome clinical picture (? fracture)

3)      Risk factors for coronary artery disease and exertional

4)      Hand pain in extension of an ischemic chest pain


HAPPINESS AND POSITIVE PSYCHOLOGY

Definition: USE THIS IN YOUR docPhone as HAPPINESS is a central criterion of mental health

Our definition corresponds to the growing consensus
that happiness (or subjective well-being) comprises a global feeling that life is going
well (i.e., general satisfaction with life), as well as the frequent experience of positive
emotions and infrequent experience of negative emotions (Diener, Suh, Lucas, &
Smith, 1999).Notably, although our definition of happiness does not explicitly include
meaning and purpose in life (concepts that laypeople typically associate with overall
well-being), research has shown that satisfaction with life, positive emotions, and
fewer negative emotions are highly correlated with these constructs (Ryff, 1989).
Pa 185
We
believe that recent theory and research both persuasively suggest that increasing
happiness is possible through intentional positive activities.
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To consider whether happiness can be increased, we must first identify what influences
it. As discussed earlier, genetics influence about 50% of individual differences
in people’s happiness levels (Røysamb et al., 2002), although not as deterministically
as some interpretations suggest. In addition, in part because people show a
tendency to adapt to their life circumstances (Lyubomirsky, 2011), such circumstances
explain only about 10% of individual differences in happiness (Diener et al., 1999).
Notably, however, after accounting for the genetic and circumstantial influences on
people’s happiness, a large proportion of people’s happiness remains unexplained.
Lyubomirsky, Sheldon, et al. (2005) reasoned that this remaining portion of happiness
can be accounted for by the behaviors people choose to engage in and how they
decide to respond to and interpret the experiences in their lives—that is, by people’s
intentional activities.
Pa 188

Happiness-increasing intentional activities may be cognitive (i.e., one regularly
adopts an optimistic or positive attitude) or behavioral (i.e., one is regularly kind to
others or habitually engages in physical exercise). Common to all of these practices
is the notion of intentional effort and commitment in service of particular desired
objectives or experiences. Because of their intentional character, activities are more
resistant to the effects of adaptation than are life changes involving new circumstances
or possessions. In other words, one can deliberately vary one’s activities such that they
continually provide new experiences and results. Indeed, some intentional activities
(such as meditation or pausing to count one’s blessings) can serve to directly counteract
adaptation. Furthermore, intentional activities can create a self-sustaining cycle of
positive change in which invested effort leads the person to further opportunities for
satisfying actions and accomplishments. Of course, one can also perform an activity
robotically, without variation, or can fail to sensitively apply or enact the strategy. In
such cases (described in more detail later), the benefits of the activity are likely to fade
over time, just as the impact of positive circumstantial changes dampens. Still, activities
have the potential to create sustained positive change because of their relatively
more dynamic and varying nature and because
Pa 188 of :

Positive Psychology in Practice: Promoting Human Flourishing in Work, Health, Education and Everyday
Life. 2nd Edition Ed by Jospeh S. ISBN 978-1-118-75717-8 (ePDF).

PATRIOT /ALL_TEXRBOOKS/TEXTBOOKS/Positive Psychology in Practice (BookBoxPDF.com).pdf



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