Slowness was evaluated using gait speed by the Timed “Up and Go” test (Podsiadlo and Richardson, 1991). The patient must stand up from an armchair, walk 3 m, turn around, walk back to the chair, and sit down. If the participants took 16.8 or more seconds [Portuguese cutoff for people 80 years and older (Almeida et al., 2017)] to perform the test they were considered to have low mobility and categorized as 1. Participants who were not able to do the walking test were also categorized as 1 (low mobility). Participants who performed the test in less than 16.8 s were categorized as 0, meaning good mobility.
Exhaustion was assessed using the question “In this last month, do you feel that you have less energy to do the things you want?,” which was categorized as 0 = no exhaustion or 1 = yes exhaustion.

(v) Low physical activity was assessed by the question “How often do you practice any of the following activities (dancing, walking, farming work, or gardening)?” (Duarte et al., 2014). Answers ranged from one to four, respectively, never/almost never, up to three times a month, once a week, and more than once a week. Answers were then recoded as 0 if answers were “once a week” or “more than once a week,” meaning they were active, and 1 for answers “never/almost never” or “up to three times a month,” which were considered not active.

Alves S, Teixeira L, Ribeiro O and Paúl C (2020) Examining Frailty Phenotype Dimensions in the Oldest Old. Front. Psychol. 11:434. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.00434