1)      Metabolic Syndrome – central obesity (men > 102 cm or 40”, women 88 cm or 34”), triglyceride levels high (> 150 mg/dL or 1.7 mmol/L), HDL-C low levels (men < 40 mg/dL or 1.03 mmol/L women < 50 mg/dL or 1.29 mmol/L), blood pressure high (> 130/80), Fasting glucose high (=> 110 mg/dL or 6.1 mmol/L) (3 or more of above factors define metabolic syndrome according to NCEP ATP III ), according to WHO a patient must have glucose intolerance, impaired glucose tolerance, or diabetes, and/or insulin resistance together with at least 2 of the following: elevated BP (=> 140/90), elevated triglyceride levels (=> 1.7 mmol/L, => 150 mg/dL),  low HDL-C levels (< 0.9 mmol/L, < 35 mg.dL, ), central obesity (waist/hip ratio > 0.90 for males, 0.85 for females, BMI > 30 ), microalbuminuria (urinary albumin excretion rate => 20 mcg/min or albumin/creatinine > 30 mg/g)

2)      Hypothyroidism

3)      Polycystic Ovary syndrome – acne, hirsutism, elevated S. testosterone, irregular menses (anovulation or oligomenorrhea), polycystic ovaries on US scan, insulin resistance (markers of IR are acanthosis nigricans, elevated fasting serum insulin levels, obesity, IGT),  lipid abnormalities (high S. Chole, high S. Tg, high LDL, low HDL, low Apo-I), high cardiovascular risk (high incidence of MI)

4)      Sleep apnea syndrome (See under Medically Unexplained Symptoms)